Annual global surface-temperature anomalies; °C relative to 1991–2020, 1980–2025.
NASA, NOAA and Copernicus annual global surface-temperature records are compared from 1980 through 2025. All three series are expressed as degrees Celsius relative to the 1991–2020 average. In 2025, Copernicus records +0.591°C, NASA +0.579°C and NOAA +0.517°C. The spread between the highest and lowest 2025 values is 0.074°C.
Source 1: GISTEMP v4 Global Surface Temperature
Publisher: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Dataset/table: Annual global land–ocean temperature anomaly
Units: °C anomaly
Date checked: 2026-07-17
Evidence: Provides the NASA annual global temperature values used in the comparison.
Source 2: NOAA GlobalTemp v6.1
Publisher: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Dataset/table: Annual global land–ocean temperature anomaly
Units: °C anomaly relative to 1991–2020
Date checked: 2026-07-17
Evidence: Provides the NOAA annual global temperature values used in the comparison.
Source 3: ERA5 Global Surface Temperature
Publisher: Copernicus Climate Change Service
Dataset/table: Annual global surface-air temperature anomaly
Units: °C anomaly relative to 1991–2020
Date checked: 2026-07-17
Evidence: Provides the Copernicus annual global temperature values used in the comparison.
The three analyses differ in observations, spatial coverage and interpolation, so small differences are expected. A common reference period makes the anomaly levels comparable without implying identical analytical methods.
NASA’s annual series was shifted to the 1991–2020 reference by subtracting its mean over those years. NOAA and Copernicus already use that reference; eight common years are plotted and the annual table retains all 46 shared years.
All three series use annual global land–ocean values, the same 1980–2025 years, degrees Celsius and a common 1991–2020 reference.
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